Multiple exposures to anaesthesia during infancy can alter emotional behaviour
Repeated exposure to anaesthesia early in life causes alterations in emotional behavior that may persist long-term, according to a study published in Anesthesiology.
Retrospective birth-cohort studies of children have found an association between learning problems and multiple exposures to anaesthesia early in life, and research in animal models, mainly rodents, has shown that early anaesthesia exposure causes cell death in the brain and cognitive impairments later in life.
Nevertheless, uncertainty remains about the extent to which anaesthesia specifically may be a risk factor in humans, when compared to other factors and co-morbidities associated with anaesthesia and surgery. Additionally, the applicability of rodent studies to humans has been questioned on a number of grounds, including a lack of correspondence of developmental stages between the species.
The Mount Sinai/Yerkes study is the first to address the question of whether repeated postnatal anaesthesia exposure, in and of itself, caused long-term behavioural changes in a highly translationally relevant rhesus monkey model. The stage of neurodevelopment of rhesus monkeys at birth is more similar to that of human infants compared to neonatal rodents; with respect to brain growth, a six-week-old rhesus monkey corresponds to a human in the second half of his or her first year of life. Because these kinds of controlled studies cannot be carried out in humans, it is essential to use a comparable animal model to discover if anaesthesia may be affecting the brain. Unlike previous research, the study was conducted in the absence of a surgical procedure, co-morbidities that may necessitate surgical intervention or the psychological stress associated with illness.
“The major strength of this study is its ability to separate anaesthesia exposure from surgical procedures, which is a potential complication in the studies conducted in children,” says Mark Baxter, professor in the Departments of Neuroscience and Anesthesiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. “Our results confirm that multiple anaesthesia exposures alone result in emotional behaviour changes in a highly translational animal model. This raises concerns about whether similar phenomena are occurring during clinical anaesthesia exposure in children.”
Specifically, the study team exposed 10 nonhuman primates (rhesus monkeys) to sevoflurane for a comparable length of time required for a significant surgical procedure in humans (four hours). They were exposed to the anaesthetic at postnatal day seven and then again two and four weeks later, because human data indicate that repeated anaesthesia results in a greater risk of learning disabilities relative to a single anaesthetic exposure.
Researchers evaluated the socioemotional behaviour of exposed subjects compared with that of healthy controls at six months of age using a mild social stressor (an unfamiliar human). They found the anaesthesia-exposed infants expressed significantly more anxious behaviours overall compared with controls.
“The task we used is designed to be similar to the task used for assessing dispositional anxiety and behavioural inhibition in children, thus increasing the study’s applicability to humans,” says first author Jessica Raper, research associate in the Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience at Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, where the testing was conducted. The study results also demonstrate that alterations in emotional behaviour persist at least five months after anaesthesia exposure, suggesting long-term effects.
These findings are part of a larger longitudinal study, and researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center will continue to follow these study subjects behaviourally to fully characterise the length of time that these emotional changes persist and whether they resolve over time.
Considering that most paediatric surgeries are non-elective, future studies can use this primate model to develop a new anaesthetic agent or prophylactic treatment to counteract the impact of anaesthesia on behaviour in children. The findings also suggest that additional work is required to identify the mechanisms by which anaesthetics may cause long-term changes in central nervous system function that impact behaviour.
Source: EurekAlert